Electric signaling apparatus.



No. 735,416; PATENTED AUG. 4, 1903.

. 11., W. SOUDER.

A ELECTRIC SIGNALING APPARATUS.

APPLICATION FILED MAR. 25, 1902.

N0 MODEL 7 SHEETS-SEEP 1.

No. 735,416. PATENTED AUG. 4,1903.

H. W. SOUDER.

ELECTRIC SIGNALING APPARATUS.

APPLICATION FILED MAR. 25, 1902i 7 SHEETS-SHEET 2,

K0 MODEL.

m5 uonms mafia 00.. momma. WAS-MGTON, 11:;

PATENTED AUG. 4. 1903.

H. W. SOUDBR. ELECTRIC SIGNALING APPARATUS.

APPLIOATION FILED MAR. 25, 1902.

7 SHEBTSr-SHEET 3.

' 1T0 MODEL.

' ATTORNEY PATENTED AUG. 4,1903.

H. W. SOUDER. ELECTRIC SIGNALING APPARATUS.

I APPLICATION PIIIBD "MAR. 25, 1902. N0 MODEL. "P'B'AEBTS-SHBET 4:v

No. 735,416. PATENTED AUG. 4,1903.

H. W. sounER.

ELEOTRIG SIGNALINGKAPPARATUS.

APPLICATION F ILED MAR. 25, 1902.

NO MODEL. BET 5.

In Mm v No; 735,416. i PATENTED AUG. 4, 1903.

A H. W. SOUDBR.

ELECTRIC IGNALING APPARATUS.

. APPLICATION FILED MAR. 25, 1902. no MODEL.

I II' I II I II I 1'' I I ,l

5 Ill.

. l I 3 64" E il! I I I@lIIllllll lll !!H!!!"IHHHHHiiiiii WITNESSES:

N0 MODEL.

H. w. sotmm.

ELECTRIC SIGNALING APPARATUS.

APPLIOATION FILED MAR. 25, 1002.

PATENTBD AUG.- 4, 1903.

7 SHEETS-SHEET 7.

INVENTOR UN TE Tris Patented August 4, 1903..

PATENT OFF c OWELLW. soUnER, on TAMAQUA, PENNSYLVANIA, ASSIGNOR or ONE; HALF TO w. D. ZEHNER, or LANSFORD, PENNSYLVANIA.

ELEQTRWSIGNALING 'APPARATUS.

. SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 735,416, dated August 4, 1903.

Application filed March 25, 1902. Serial No. 99,969. (No model.)

To aZZ whom/Z may concarmf Be it known that I, HOWELL W. SOUDER, a citizen of the United States'of America, and a resident of Tamaqua, county of Schuylkill, State of- Pennsylvania, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Electric Signaling Apparatus, of whichthe following is a specification.

My invention relates generally to electric signaling apparatus, and more specifically consists of an improved block-signaling apparatus capable of use on a single-track electric railway and arranged to guard both ends of each block. In its preferred form it also consists of a system capableof being operated by a series of cars following one another in the same direction, aifording information to each motor-man of the fact that one or more cars are ahead of him in the block and also affording each motorman immediate information of-the fact of the entry of a car into the block from the other direction. At the same time the preferred form of thesystem affords.

for instance, as that described and claimed in my prior patent, No. 642,379, dated January 30, 1900-but in the majority of these systems the entry of a second car in the same direction as the predecessor into a ,block disarranges the signals. In nearly all electric railroads it becomes necessary on Sundays and holidays to run a number of cars together or closely following one another in order to cuits for one end of a block and signals for one-half of the block and signal-operating apparatus therefor, the lamps or other electrically-operated signals being in multiple arc. Fig. 2 is a similar view of the other half of the-same block. Fig. 3 is a diagrammatic view of the circuits, signals, and operating apparatus for a single block in which the lamps or other electrically-operated signals are in series, therebyreducing the amount of wiring necessary. Fig. 4 is a side elevation, partially broken away, of the preferred form of circuit-controller for use in my system. Fig. 5 is a detail view of a portion of the'apparatus in said circuit-controller. Fig. 6 is a plan view of the apparatus shown in Fig. 4:. Fig. 7 is a side elevation with one plate removed of the preferred form of contactmaking device for operating my system. Fig. 8 is a cross-section on line 8 8 of Fig. 7. 9 is a bottom view of the bifurcated lever used in said contact-making device. Fig. 10 is a side elevation of a semaphore which may be used in my system. Fig. .11 is a detail view of the same, taken at right angles to theplane of"Fig.10, with certain parts removed and others shown in section. Fig. 12 is a vertical central section of a sign al-lamp and improved form of reflector therefor, and Fig. 13 is an end elevation of the same.

arms of the circuit-controller.

Throughout the drawings like referencefigures indicate like parts.

vices 2, 2", 2 and 2 as shown in Figs. 1, 2,

and 3. At the points of division of the trolley-wire are located frogs, (not shown in de- Fig.

Fig. 14 is a detail I sectional view of one of the vibrating switch-' tail,) which will cause the trolley-wheel to contact-making device may be employed, and

the preferred form herein shown will be described hereinafter. The contact-maker 2 is adapted to connect the wire 3 momentarily with the trolley-wire, and said wire 3 connects with one end of the coil of an electric magnet 5, the other terminal of which is the block, being connected at each end to one terminal of the magnets 5 and 5. This wire I call the block-magnet circuit-wire.

The main feed-wire, which usually extends along a trolley-road in the shape of a cable, I represent at 7. This is preferably used as the source of current-supply for operating the signals. The branch wire 15 extends from saidmain feed-wire and is connected to the contact-piece 10' at the east end of the block. A similar wire 16 extends to the contact-piece 10 in the circuit-controller at. the west end of the block. The signal feed-wire 8 extends along the block for the purpose of supplying current to the lamps or other electrically-operated signals. When said lamps or signals are arranged in multiple arc, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2, a second wire 9, which I call the lamp ground-wire, extends along the block, and these two wires 8 and 9 constitute the mains between which theindividual lamp-circuits extend in multiple arrangement.

At each end of the block is located a circuit-controller,which is preferablyof the form shown in Figs. 4, 5, and 6, but might be of the construction shown in Figs. 1 and 2,which latter also serve as a diagrammatic representation of the circuits established by the apparatusshown in Figs. 5, 6, and 7. This 7 circuit-controller consists of two vibrating switches 11 and 13, carried on axis 43, and I have marked those in circuit-controller at east end of the block 11 and 13 and those in the circuit-controller at the west end of the block 11 and 13 The switch 11 cooperates with the contact-piece 10, connected to the main feed-wire, as before described, and is normally out of contact therewith-when the block is free. Switch 13 cooperates al ternately with the contact-piece 12, which is connected to the lamp ground-wire 9,and with the contact-piece 14, which is connected by wire 17 to the free end of the coil of the magnet 5. V In the same Way the switch 11' cooperates with the contact-piece 10 and the switch '13 with the contact-piece 12, connected-to the wire 9 and the contact-piece 149, connected by the wire 18 to the free end of the coil of the electric magnet 5 The lamp signal-wire 8 is connected at one end to the switch 11 and at the other end to the switch 11. The switch 13 is connected to the ground by ground-wire 13 and the switch 13 is connected to the ground by ground-wire 13.

The magnets 5 5 5 5* have corresponding armatures 19 19 19 19 ,which are connected to or carried by oscillating pawls 20 20 20 20 which are operatively disposed with reference to the ratchet-wheels 21 and 21 of the east and west circuit-controllers. A series of incandescent lamps 22 22 are interposed between the lamp-mains 8 and 9 at con venient points along the block, preferably over platforms of various way-stations or at road-crossings. Imayalsoemploysemaphores or other movable devices to carry certain of these lamps, so as to represent by their posi tion the condition of the block between said semaphores,the semaphores being preferably placed at each end of the block. Such semaphores are represented at 23 and 23. Each semaphore-arm carries a green lamp 24,which when elevated indicates that the block is empty, and at the other end a red lamp 25, which when elevated indicates that the block is occupied. These semaphores are operated by magnets 26 and 26' through theintervention of their armatures 28 and 28 and any convenient system of levers 29 and 29 Each of these magnets is in circuit with a wire 27, which extends from signal feed-wire to the ground. To afford a telltale which will indicate the failure of either of these semaphores to act, I employ bridge-pieces 30 and 30, carried by the armatures of the magnets, to complete the circuit through the lamp groundwire by bridging over the contact-points 76 76 when the semaphore is in the position of danger, indicating that the block is occupied. It is evident, however, that the semaphores and the corresponding means for breaking the circuit across the contact-point 76 76 might be omitted from the system.

Such being the parts of the system represented diagrammatically in Figs. 1 and 2, the operation thereof is as follows: A car entering the block at the east end has the trolley- Wheel switched over, so as to come in mechanical contact with the contact-making device 2, and thereby momentarily throws the Wire 3* into circuit with the trolley-wire and causes the current to pass through the electromagnet 5 This vibrates the pawl 20 which causes the ratchet-wheel 21 of the east circuit-controller to move one tooth, swinging the vibrating switches 11 and 13 into the position shown in dotted lines. This first establishes a circuit from the main feed-wire 7 through wire 15, contact-piece 10, switch 11, signal feed-wire 8, and semaphore-magnets 26 and 26 and also through lamps 24 24 to the ground. The semaphore-magnets attract their respective armatures 28 and 28 set both of the semaphores at danger, with the red lamps 25elevated, and bring the bridge-pieces 3O and 30 down upon the contact-points 76, thereby establishing contin uity of the lamp-ground 9. The switch 13 of the east circuit-controller having been shifted into the dotted -line position, there is no ground connection for the lamp ground-wire at that end of the block. The west circuit controller, however, being undisturbed, there is a ground connection through the contact piece 12, switch 13 and ground-wire 13? Accordingly current passes through all the lamps 22 and 25 and sameare caused to glow,

indicating to the motorman (for a reason hereinafter to be explained) that no car has entered the block from the other end and illuminating the platforms at the way-stations to show the motorman Whether or not there are any waiting passengers and toshow the passengers that a car will soon approach. The red lamps 25 25 are connected across the lamp-mains 8 and 9 and glow only when the other lamps 22 22 are lighted-that is, after both semaphores have operated. The green lamps 24 24 are in direct ground-circuits from signal feed-wireS, and will consequently glow whenever the circuit-controller is operated by tern operates or not. When the car has passed through the block and reaches the western end, its trolley-wheel is switched over into engagement with the contact-making device 2*, which sends a current from the trolley-wire through the wire 3 down to the block-magnet circuitwire 6. The west circuit-controller being in position shown in the full lines, there is no ground connection for the magnet 5", and the same is therefore unaffected. The east circuit-controller being in position shown in the dotted lines, however, there is a ground connection for the magnet 5 through the wire 17, contact 14?, switch 13 and wire 13 Accordingly this magnet is energized and the pawl 20 vibrated, thereby reversing the circhit-controller, throwing the parts into the ,position shown in full lines, breaking the circuit to the signal feed-wire, and putting out the lamps, allowing the semaphores to return to the safety position with the green movement.

lamp elevated, said semaphores being actuated by a weight or spring upon such return cnit-controller restablishes the ground connection for the lamp ground-wire at the east end of the block, so that the system is again in position to be operated by a car entering either end of the block. The east-bound car entering the west end of the block operates The same movement of the cirthe contact-making device 2 shifting the west circuit-controller in the same manner previously described with reference to the east circuit-controller and throwing all the lamps into operation, setting the semaphores at danger. On passing out of the block at the east end the car cooperates with the contact-making device 2 in the manner before described with reference to the one 2 to reset the system at safety. If a second car enters a block in the same direction. as a previous car, it will evidently merely operate the circuit-controller to the extent of another tooth of the ratchet-wheel, and the switch sliding along the contacts 10 and 14 or 1O and 14 will not disturb the circuits already established. The first car passing off of the block will actuate the circuit-controller backward one tooth without disturbing the circuits established; but the second car passing off of the block will reverse the circuitcontrollers and reestablish the signals at safety. The same principle of operation applies to any number of succeeding cars, and the advantage is thereby secured of obtaining a system which will operate with any number of cars in the block so long as they are going in the same direction, the first car into the block setting the signals and the last car out of the block setting them back. however, after one or more cars has entered at one end of the block a car enters theother end of the block going in the opposite direction, it is evident that both circuit-controllers will be thrown into the dotted-line positions and both ground connections. for the lamp ground-wire will be severed, thereby putting out all the lamps except the green lamps on the semaphore-arms, thereby indicating to every motorman on the block that there is a car ahead of him going in the opposite direction or that something has happened to the signal system. Accordingly the instructions should be upon passing a lamp which is' not glowing to get the car well under control and upon passing a second lamp which is not glowing to flag or feel the way to the end of the block.

In the multiple-arc system (shown in Figs. 1 and 2) the breaking of one lamp will not put the others out of commission. In the series system (shown in Fig. 3) the breaking of one lamp will destroy the whole system unless resistance-shunts 79 79 are putin around each lamp. In such case the breaking of onelamp will merely reduce slightly the amount of current passing through the line and cause the remaining lamps to burn somewhat less brilliantly. In the series system a second lamp-main 9 is done away with, the branch connections 9 and 9 from the signal :feed wire to the contact-pieces 12and 12 respectively, affording the necessary ground connections. I have shown no semaphores in the series system, as the same may of course be dispensed with in this or in the other system and the glowing or failure to glow of lamps alone be relied upon for information as to the condition of the block. This series system I do not herein claim, as the same, with certain additional features, is described and claimed in my pending application, Serial No. 128,280, filed October 22 1902.

The preferred form of circuit controller used in my system, as fully illustrated in Figs. 4, 5, and 6, consists of the magnets, as shown, which I have marked 5 and 5*, assuming the circuit-controller shown to be the west circuit-controller, and the system of pawls operated thereby. The details of these pawls comprise the main pawl-levers and 20, the actuating-pawls 32 32, pivoted thereto at 33 33 and controlled by theplate-springs 34 34, the checking-pawls 35 35, which engage the ratchet-wheel 21' at the end of the pawlstroke and prevent its momentum carryingit a distance of more than one tooth, and the retracting-springs 36 36. The pawls are shown mounted on posts 42 42. held in position after the pawls have been retracted by the springs 36 by locking-pawl 37, controlled by the adjustable spring 38. This locking-pawl is made V-shaped, as shown, and serves to drive the ratchet-wheel through the last portion of its motion in case the ac tuating-pawl is withdrawn before it completes its circuit. The apparatus is all mounted on an independent base 39, so that it may be removed as a whole for replacement or repair. The ratchet-wheel is journaled in a frame 40, its shaft being supported, preferably, between cone bearing-screws 41 41.

The vibrating switches 13 and l1 are carried on a shaft 43, journaled in the ratchetwheel-supporting frame at one end and in a support 80 at the other end, as best shown in Fig. 6. These vibrating switches consist of arms, of fiber or other insulating material, fast upon the shaft 43, carrying metal con tacttips 81 81, to which flexible wires 82 82 are connected, as shown in Fig. 6. The shaft 43 carries a radial arm 44, (shown in Figs. 4 and 5,) which is arranged to press against the pin 45, carried by ratchet-wheel 21 through the action ofaspring46,one end of which is attached to a radial projection 83 on the shaft 43, while the other end is attached to a set-screw, as shown in Figs. 4and 6. To insure close contact and also produce a retarded breaking of the circuit on the return of the switch, the contact-pieces 14 and 10 are preferably provided with spring-faces 47, as best shown in Fig. 4. The terminals of the magnet 5 are soldered to the binding-posts 48 and 49. The supply-wire 3 is inserted in the binding-post 48", and a ground-Wire is inserted in the binding-post 49. The terminals of the magnet 5 are soldered to the binding-posts48 and 50. The block-magnet circuit-wire 6 is inserted in the binding-post 48 and the connect- The ratchet-wheel is system is used, and the contact-piece 10 connected to thebinding-post 54, into which the main feed wire connection 16 is inserted. The switch 13 is connected to the bindingpost 53, into which a ground-wire is inserted, and the switch 11 is connected to the hind ing-post 52, into which the signal feed-wire 8 is inserted. The circuit-controller placed at the east end of the block has similar connections to it, following out the notation of the diagram Fig. 2 in the same manner as the notation of diagram Fig. 1 has been followed above. The operation of this circuitcontroller is the same in principle as that of the diagrammatic one before described. The energizing of the magnet 5 causes the pawl 20 to be pulled down,and one of the actuatingpawls 32 rotates the ratchet-wheel 21 to the right hand one tooth. This brings the parts to the position shown in dotted lines in Fig. 5,

as the spring 46 causes the bell-crank 44 to follow the pin 45. This throws the switches 13 and l1 into contact with the contactpieces 14 and 10 and establishes the circuits before described. It a second car enters the block in the same direction, the pawl 20 is again operated and the ratchet-wheelturned another tooth; but the position of the switches is not disturbed, as the pin 45 simply moves away from the bell-crank 44 one tooth for each entering car, as also indicated in dotted lines in Fig. 5. Upon a car passing out of the block the magnet 5 pulls downthe pawl 20, rotating the ratchet-wheel backward one tooth; but the switches are notdisturbed until the last car passes out of the block, when the pin 45 carries the bell-crank lever 44 along with it and restablishes the arrangement of parts shown in Fig. 4. Inasmuch as the first part of the backward movement of the switch 13 breaks the circuit through the magnet 5", I may insure the complete working of the ratchet mechanism for the distance of a full tooth in this operation which throws the switch back by employing the spiral spring 81, the inner end of which is fastened to the ratchet-wheel shaft, while the outer end is fast to the stationary support 40. This spring tends to throw the ratchet wheel around in the same direction as does the pawl 20. Said pawl will drive the ratchet-wheel through the first half of its movement positively until the switch 13 leaves the contact 14 pawl 37 from between the teeth,an'd the spring 81 will then compel the completion of the movement of one tooth with certainty.. In

practice, however, I do not find such spring This suffices to withdraw the lockingsage of the trolley-wheel.

. hold it.

passing trolley-wheel is represented at 55f As it runs along the trolley-wire 1 to the dotted-line position it strikes the bifurcated lever 56, which is pivoted at 57 and straddles the trolley-wire. The other end of this lever is connected by link 58 with therock-arm 63 and guided by the post 59. The guidepost 59 is carried by the central partition 61 of the casing 60, which incloses the entire apparatus, and is provided with downwardly-projecting guard portions 62 62 to protect the parts and the trolley-wire from snow and sleet. The other end of the rock-arm 63 presses down upon the toe 65, which projects from the sector 64, which is journaled upon the stud 66, carried by the central partition 61. This sector is preferably made eccentric with reference to its center of vibration, so that when thrown up into position shown in dotted lines into contact with the roller 71,

carried by spring-arm 70, there is a tendency of the roller to throw the sector back when the lever 56 is dropped back after the pas- This action of the sector to free itself is also assisted by spiral spring 67, which is wound around the stud 66 and has one end fastened to the sector, while its outer end is fastened in the washer 68, which has a square opening which fits over the squared end on the stud-shaft 66 and is held in place by the screw 69. If it is desired to increase the tension of said spring, the screw 69 is withdrawn part way and the washer slipped off of the squared head and turned around until the necessary tension is produced. It is then placed back upon the squared head and the screw fastened down to The casing and all parts, including the sector, are in electricalconnection with the trolley-Wire, except the spring-arm 70,

which is mounted in an insulating-block 70 and connected with the corresponding wire 3, 3 3*, or 3 as the case may be. The operation'of this portion of the device is of course evident from the foregoing description. The passingrtrolley-wheel forces the sector up into contact with the roller 71 and establishes a connection between the magnet of the signal system and the trolley-wire in the manner described. After the trolleywheel has passed the eccentric sector is forced out of engagement with the roller 71 and the circuit is broken. r

The preferred form of semaphore construction is illustrated in Figs. 10 and 11. Outside of the parts previously described is the curved protecting-shell 72, carried by the semaphore-arm, which surrounds the bearings for the semaphore-arm to protect the same from the weather and also to limit the motion of the arm by causing the edges of the shell to strike against the post. The bearings preferably consist of the semaphoreshaft 73, supported between. cone-screws 74: 74, carried in the forked upper portion of the semaphore-post. The semaphore-magnet and lever system are inclosed in a casing 75, one

plate of which is removed in Fig. 11 to show the interior construction. The operation of the lever system of the magnets has been previously described. 7

The preferred form of lamp for combined lighting and signaling purposes consists of the incandescent lamp 22, mounted in thereflector 77, open at the bottom and arranged to throw the light of the lamp downward and also provided with lateral openings in line with the track, which have colored lenses 78 78, so that the motorman of the approaching car may recognize the lamp as a signaldamp and be-governed by the appearance thereof.

From the foregoing description of the construction and operation of the various parts of my invention it is evident that each car on entering a block Will operate to set the semaphores at danger and light all lamps along that block. Successive cars entering the block, as where two or three are run to-.

gether from switch to switch, will not vary the condition of the signals. The last car leaving the block will put the lamps out and reset the semaphores at safety. If cars enter the block from opposite ends, the lamps will be immediately put out; but the semaphores will remain at danger and will not go back to safety until all the cars have left the block. The semaphores, therefore, will indicate absolutely whether or not any car is upon the block, While the extinguishment of the lamps will indicate to the motorman of a car on the block theapproach of a car in the opposite direction. off of the block, the action of the signals is not thereby disarranged. The semaphores are reset at safety and the lamps extinguished.

The advantages of the invention comprise the capacity of the system to handle any number of cars on the block running in the same direction, the complete character of the information given to the motorman and to the public as to the condition of the block, the lighting of platforms by signaLIamps, the im' mediate indication to all concerned of any failure of any part of the apparatus to operate, and the interchangeability of the parts, one standard form of circuit-controller and one standard form of contact-maker being duplicated throughout the system.

An advantage arising from the use of the contact-lever 56, formed with the arc-shaped portion which normally projects below the lfa car backs trolley-wire in such relation thereto that the trolley-wire occupies the position of the chord of the arc, is that said lever is operated with equal certainty and smoothness by the trolleywheels of cars passing in either direction.

It is evident, of course, that various changes could be made in the details of construction without departing from the spirit and scope of my invention so long as the principles of operation above explained be preserved.

Various portions of my invention might be employed without other portions to produce a partialresult. Thus the semaphores may be dispensed with, and other forms of signals maybe substituted for the lamps. The feature of the breaking of the circuit by the opbatteries or independent sources of currentsupply and so be applicable to railroads operated by other than electric power. Other forms of circuit-controllers might be substituted for those described so long asthey handie the circuits in the manner explained. Other motor agencies might be substituted for the magnets, or magnets or other electrical agencies might be employed simply to control independent motive powers employed to shift the circuits or the signals. All these and other modifications which -might be Worked out in practice I should still consider within the scope of my invent-ion so long as the underlying principle thereof is retained.

The division of the trolley-wire 1, so as to lead to either of the contact devices 2 2 at one end of the block or to either of those 2 2 at the other end of the block, according to the direction in which the car is traveling, may correspond to the division of said wire for the track-turnouts at the end of the block, or separate divisions of the wire for this especial purpose may be made at each end of the-turnout. In the first case the car would make the contacts while on the turnout. In the second case it would make the contacts just before entering and just after leaving each turnout. I prefer the second arrangement, as it permits of skipping some of the turnouts, as is often desirable in the days or seasons when few cars are run. The cars running back and forth over the straight main track can make better time than is the case when they have to slow down and run over every siding. Furthermore, with this second arrangement there is no possibility of a car running back over a contact which should only be operated by a car going forward. The only advantage of the first arrangement is the economy resulting from reducing the number of contact devices and frogs used.

Having therefore described my invention, whatI claim as new, and desire to protect by Letters Patent, is

1. In a block-signal system for electric'rail- Ways having a plurality of blocks orsignal-sections, the combination of a plurality of electric signals a suitable number located along each section, a source of currentsupply, a feed-wire to the signal or signals on each section adapted to be connected to the source of current-supply at either end of each section, a normally open circuit-controller in said connection at the end of each section, a ground connection for said signals at the end of each section, a normally .closed circuit-controller in each of said ground connections, means operated by a-car on entering either end of each section to close the circuit-controller in the supply connection and open that in the ground connection at that end of the section, and means operated by a car on leaving either end of a section to reverse both of said last-mentioned circuit-controllers, said operating means consisting of one or more electromagnets, and contact devices operated by the passing car to throw'the coils of said magnets into circuit with the source of currentsupply, a ratchet connected to the circuitcontrollers and pawls therefor connected to the armatu res of the magnets.

2. In a block-signal system for electric railroads having a plurality of blocks or signalsections, the combination of a plurality of electric lamps arranged along each block in multiple are, a source of current-supply, a normally open circuit-controller located at each end of each block and adapted to establish connections between the source of current-supply and one of the lampmains, a ground connection at each end of each block for the other lamp main, a normally closed circuitcontroller in each of said ground connections, means operated by a car on entering either end of each section to close the circuit-controller in the supply connection and open that in the ground connection at that end of the section, and means operated by a car on leaving either end of a section to reverse both of said last-mentioned circuit-controllers.

3. In a block-signal system for electric railroads having a plurality of blocks or signalsections, the combination of a plurality of electric lamps arranged along each block in multiple are, a source of current-supply, a normally open circuit controller located at each end of each block and adapted to establish connections between the source of current-supply and one of the lamp-mains, a ground connection at each end of each block for the other lamp-main, a normally closed circuit-controller in each of said ground connections, means operated by a car on entering either end of each section to close the circuit-controller in the supply connection and open that in the ground connection at that end of the section, and means operated by a car on leaving either end of a section to reverse both of said last-mentioned circuit-controllers, said operating means consisting of two electromagnets and two contact devices operated by the passing car to throw the coils of one or the other of said magnets momenta rilyinto circuit with the source of supply.

4. In a block-signal system for electric railroads having a plurality of blocks or signalsections, the combination of a plurality of electric lamps arranged along each block in multiple are, a source of current-supply, a normally open circuit-controller located at each end of each block and adapted to establish connections between the source of our rent-supply and one of the lamp-mains, a ground connection at each end of each block resale Y for'the other lamp-main, a normally closed circuitecontroller in each of said ground con nections, means operated by a car on entering either end of each sectionto close the circuit-controller in the supply connection and open that in the ground connection at that end of the section, and means operated by a car on leaving either end of a section to reverse both of said last-mentioned circuitcontrollers, said operating means consisting of two electromagnets and two contact devices operated by the passing car to throw the coils of one or the other of said magnets momentarily into circuit with the source of supply, a ratchet-wheel geared to the circuit-controllers and a pawl connected to the armature of each magnet and cooperating with said ratchet-Wheel.

nals, said magnet being provided with a permanent ground connection and a momentary connection with the source of current-supply .on the entry of a car into the block, asecond magnet for each end of the block adapted to produce the cutting-out action of the circuitcontroller, each of said second magnets beingprovided with aground connection adapted to'be cut in and cut out by the circuitcontroller simultaneously with the cutting in and cutting out of the signals, the other terminals of these second magnets being connected together by a wire which is provided with a branch at each end of the block adapted to be momentarily connected with the source of current-supply by a car passing out of that block.

6. In a block-signal system for electric railroads having a plurality of blocks or signalsections, the combination of a plurality of electric lamps, one or more located along each block, a source of current-supply, a feed wire to said lamp or lamps adapted to be connected to the source of current-supply at either end of each block, a normally open circuit-controller in each of said connections, a ground connection for said lamps at each end of the block, a normally closed circuitcontroller in each of said ground connections, means operated by a car on entering either end of a block to close the circuit-controller in the supply connection and open that in the ground connection at that end of the block, and means operated by a car on leaving either end of a block to reverse both of said circuit-controllers, together with semaphores located one at the end of each block lish connections between the source of current-supply and one of the lamp-mains, a

ground connection at each end of each block for the other lamp-main, a normally closed circuit-controller in each of said ground connections, means operated by a car on entering either end of each section to close the circhit-controller in the supply connection and open that in the ground connection at that end of the section, and means operated by a car on leaving either end of a section to reverse both of said last-mentioned circuit-con:

.trollers, together with semaphores located one at the end of each block and carrying certain of said signal-lamps, a magnet energized by current from one of the lamp-mains adapted to throw its corresponding semaphore into the danger position, and a circuit-breaker in the other lam p-main operated by the semaphore to break the circuit through said lamp-main when the semaphore is at safety.

8. The combination of the vibrating switch, the contact-points between which it vibrates, a ratchet-wheel having a yielding connection to said switch, oppositely-disposed vibrating pawls meshing with said ratchet-wheel, the parts being so proportioned that a single vibration of either pawl will produce an angular movement of the ratchet-wheel equal to the angular movement of the switch between the two contact-points, and means for vibrating said pawls.

9. The combination of the vibrating switch,

the contact-points between which it vibrates,

a ratchet-wheel having a yielding connection to said switch, oppositely-disposed vibrating pawls meshing with said ratchet-wheel, the parts being so proportioned that a single vibration of either pawl will produce an angular movement of the ratchet-wheel equal to the angular movement of the switch be tween the two contact-points, and electromagnets controlling said pawls.

10. The combination of the vibrating switch, the contact-points between which it vibrates, a ratchet-wheel having a yielding connection to said switch, oppositely-disposed vibrating pawls meshing with said ratchet switch, the contact-points between which it i vibrates, a ratchet-wheel provided with a pin which engages one side of the vibrating switch, a spring which tends to maintain the switch in engagement with the pin, vibrating pawls adapted to rotate the ratchet-wheel in opposite directions, the parts being so proportioned that a rotation of the ratchetwheel to the extent of one tooth is sufficient to swing the switch from one contact-point to the other, and electromagnets for operating said pawls.

12. In a signal system for electric railways having a plurality of blocks, the combination of a source of current-supply, a semaphore, means for shifting said semaphore to danger position when a car enters either end of the block, and anelectric signal-lamp oar- Witnesses:

GEO. O. NOLL, F. P. BOAS. 

